I. Thuhmahruai
Crystal oscillator hi core frequency control component angin industrial equipment, security monitoring system, medical device, automotive electronics, smart home appliances leh thil dang dangah te hman a ni nasa hle. Macro lam atanga thlir chuan khawvel pum huap information infrastructure siamna hi crystal oscillators siam chhuahna nen hian a inzawm tlat a ni. He article hian crystal oscillators-piezoelectric effect hmuhchhuah atanga nano-scale packaging- thlenga technological evolution chu systematic takin a zirchiang a, industrial revolution pali kaltlanga mihring technological hmasawnna an thlen dan a tarlang a ni.
II. Crystal Oscillators te hmasawnna chanchin
1. Technological Enlightenment hun lai
Kum 1880 khan unau Jacques leh Pierre Curie-te chuan quartz crystal plate-a mechanical stress hman chuan electric charge displacement a siam tih an hmuchhuak a, chu chuanpiezoelectric hmanga siam a ni.
Piezoelectric Effect chungchanga thu bul: Piezoelectric material-a pressure pek a nih chuan electric potential danglamna (the tia hriat) a lo awm adirect piezoelectric hmanga thil tih a ni). Chumi kalh zawng chuan voltage hman chuan mechanical stress (thepiezoelectric hmanga inverse a ni). Pressure hian high-frequency vibration a neih chuan high-frequency electric current a siam chhuak thin. Piezoelectric ceramics-a high-frequency electrical signal hman a nih chuan high-frequency acoustic signal (mechanical vibrations) an siam chhuak a, chu chuultrasonic signal hmanga tihchhuah a ni.
Kum 1918 khan Paul Langevin chuan quartz crystal plate hmangin tuihnuai lawnga thil hmuhchhuahna tur sonar system hmasa ber siam turin zirchianna a nei a. Hei hian tactical requirement phuhruk nan information processing kimchang tak leh centralized control atan sonar function hrang hrang inzawmkhawm a huam a, chung zingah chuan noise direction finding, echo ranging, sonar pulse detection, target identification, leh torpedo warning te pawh a tel. Langevin hian tui hnuaia sound wave siam leh hriatchhuah nan X-cut quartz plate a hmang a.
Kum 1921 khan Wesleyan University-a Professor W. G. Cady chuan quartz crystal oscillator patent a siam a. A patent chuan oscillator frequency control nan quartz crystal resonators a hmang a, quartz bar/plate te chu frequency standard leh filter angin a sawi bawk. Chutiang chuan Cady hi oscillator circuit-a frequency control atana quartz crystal hmang hmasa ber nia hriat a ni.
Kum 1923 khan Harvard Professor G. W. Pierce chuan Pierce oscillator configuration hmahruaitu vacuum tube valve-grid leh anode inkarah crystal oscillator circuit a siam a.
Kum 1925 khan Westinghouse Electric chuan an radio station KDKA-a main oscillator atan crystal oscillator an dah a.
Van Dyke chuan quartz crystal resonators atan equivalent circuit model a siam a. He circuit hian resonant frequency pahnih a nei a, chungte chuseries resonant frequency (fs) hmanga tihchhuah a ni, chutah chuan Lg-Cg-Rg branch chu a resonate a,parallel resonant frequency (fp) hmanga tihchhuah a ni, circuit resonance zawng zawng a ni. Cg < C0 a nih avangin heng frequency te hi an inhnaih hle. Reactance-frequency characteristic hian fs leh fp inkarah inductive behavior a lantir a, hmun dangah capacitive behavior a lantir bawk.
Kum 1926 khan Y-cut crystals an hmuchhuak a, an hmang tangkai ta a ni. Chumi hma chuan X-cut quartz crystal chauh hman a ni. X-cut crystal-te hian temperature coefficient ~-20ppm/℃an neih laiin, Y-cut crystal-te chuan ~+100ppm/℃an lantir a, hei hian crystal cut hrang hrangte hian temperature coefficient hrang hrang a pe thei tih a tilang a ni.
Kum 1927 khan Bell Labs-a Warren Marrison chuan quartz crystal oscillator standard hmasa ber a siam a.
Kum 1928 khan Warren Marrison chuan Bell Telephone Laboratories-ah quartz crystal clock hmasa ber a siam a. Quartz clock hian precision pendulum clock chu khawvela timekeeper dik ber (atomic clock thleng) atan a thlak ta a ni.
Atomic clock hmanga siam a niatomic energy absorption/release lai a electromagnetic wave chhuak te chu timing atan hmang la, kum maktaduai 20 chhungin ~1 second error precision a thleng thei-tunah chuan khawvela timekeeping tool dik ber a ni.
Kum 1934 khan AT- leh BT-cut quartz crystal resonators a lo chhuak a, Lack/Willard/Fair (USA), Koga (Japan), leh Beckmann/Straubel (Germany) te chuan independent takin an hmuchhuak a ni.
2. R&D Hun: Crystal Oscillator tam tak siam chhuah
Kum 1950 khan atom clock siam chhuah a ni a. Quartz clock hian kum 30 chhungin second 1 chhungin a dikna sang ber (30ms/yr) a nei thei a ni. Bell Labs hian sumdawnna atana-scale quartz crystal tihpunna tur hydrothermal process a hmahruaitu a ni.
3. Hmasawnna hun chhung: Batch Production & Sipai atanga Civil hmanna lama inthlak
Kum 1968 khan North American Aviation-a Juergen Staudte chuan quartz crystal oscillator siamna atana photolithography process a siam chhuak a, chu chuan watch ang chi portable product-te tan miniaturization a siam thei a ni.
Kum 1976 khan SC-cut crystal hmasa ber a lo awm ta a. Oven-controlled crystal oscillators (OCXO)-ah hman a ni ber a, a chhan chu OCXO operating temperature-a an temperature coefficient tha ber vang a ni.
4. The Rapid Development Period: Electronics lama hman dan hrang hrang
Kum 1990 atanga tun thleng hian quartz oscillator te chu DIP atanga SMD package tenau zawkah an lo thang chho a, traditional metal casing atanga plastic/metal/ceramic encapsulations ah an inthlak ta a ni. Precision leh frequency mamawh a pung a, thil siamna kawng tha zawk siam a ngai a ni. Application te chu niche use atanga field hrang hrang 5G, IoT, automotive electronics, smart healthcare, leh intelligent appliances te thlengin a zau chho ta a ni.
III. Khaihtawi
Kum 70+ kum 1880 atanga 1956 thleng khan quartz oscillators dinna bulpui hun a ni a, chu chu thil thar siam chhuah thar leh thil thar siamtu nghawng nei lian tak takte awmna a ni. Quartz technology hmasawnna hian zawi zawiin hmuhchhuah, hriatthiamna leh puitlin zelna a lantir a ni-hmasawnna chu hmanhmawh theih a ni lo.